Ted Bundy And Charles Manson The Characteristics Of...

What makes a murderer? The mind of someone who commits such heinous crimes has never really been diagnosed. The chromosomal patterns have yet to be determined. So what causes someone to kill? Are serial killers and mass murderers more of a product of their own upbringing and environment or of delusional thoughts from a chemical imbalance? Someone who kills is an obsessed individual who lacks a conscience and who has no remorse. All the known characteristics of someone who kills point to something beyond our comprehension. Ted Bundy and Charles Manson are both infamous in the world of criminal history. Not all killers are the same: they may have grown up differently, used certain killing methods, and had a unique pool of victims. Iyanla†¦show more content†¦Bundy was born as Theodore Robert Cowell on November 24, 1946 at a home in Burlington, Vermont for unwed mothers. He started his life as a secret shame. His mother, Eleonor Cowell, also known as Louise, was a 22-year-old unwed woman, whose parents were deeply religious. Bundy was raised as the adopted son of his grandparents and was told that his mother was his sister to hide the fact that he was an illegitimate child born out of wedlock. Bundy later found out that his sister was actually his mother and her husband, Johnnie Bundy, formally adopted him. Bundy grew to be very articulate and intelligent as well as charming. However, when he was younger, Bundy was shy and he didn’t do well with his peers. By the time he was in his teens, he started showing signs of a darker side. Bundy recalled that he wandered the streets looking for discarded pornography and peering into other people’s windows. When Bundy was 18, his extensive juvenil e record for theft was dismissed. Eventually, in 1972, Bundy discovered his true passion, which was viciously assaulting his earliest confirmed victim in 1974. Ultimately, Ted Bundy and Charles Manson had completely different upbringings. Each killer uses their own different killing methods. Charles Manson believed in an impending apocalyptic race war, which he called â€Å"Helter Skelter† after the song written by the Beatles. Manson had a group of 100 followers,Show MoreRelatedHow Serial Killers came to be Essay1921 Words   |  8 PagesA serial killer is traditional defined as the separate killings of three or more people by an individual over a certain period of time, usually with breaks between the murders. (Angela Pilson, p. 2, 2011) This definition has been accepted by both the police and academics and therefore provides a useful frame of reference (Kevin Haggerty, p.1, 2009). The paper will seek to provide the readers with an explanation of how serial killers came to be and how they are portrayed in the media. Several serialRead More Serial Killers in the U.S. Essays4042 Words   |  17 PagesBefore we can discuss what serial killers do, we must first define what a serial killer is. Some people might place serial killers into the same group as mass murderers. This would be incorrect because they are two totally different types of killers. While both of these individuals may kill many people, the difference lies in the reason they kill and the period over which they kill their victims. An event or a build up of circumstance triggers mass murderers and causes them to act. This may

Binge Drinking vs the Drinking Age Essays - 829 Words

English 101 March 13, 2013 Binge Drinking VS the Drinking Age Presidents of college campuses around the nation face issues of underage drinking and binge drinking on a regular basis and realizes that it is a danger and a problem. â€Å"Alcohol consumption is the third leading cause of death in the U.S., a major contributing factor to unintentional injuries, the leading cause of death for youths and young adults, and accounts for an estimated 75,000 or more deaths in the United States annually† (Wechsler 2010). Binge drinking can be loosely defined as consuming five or more drinks at one sitting for men and four drinks for women. Binge drinking amongst college students is a social activity that allows students to let loose and â€Å"fit in†.†¦show more content†¦In this article/study one of the variables studied was demographics, including age. The article states that age only plays a modest role in predicting binge drinking. They studied college students under age 21 and over age 21 and the odds ratios were so close that they determined that the minimum age drinking laws virtually have no effect on binge drinking. Based on this study lowering the drinking age will not decrease the amount of binge drinking occurring on college campuses across the nation. Some may argue that lowering the drinking age could possibly decrease binge drinking among college students and the Amethyst Initiative in 2008 offers some good ideas as to why. The Amethyst Initiative is made up of a group of college/university presidents (past and present) that believe the drinking age has contributed to an epidemic of binge drinking across college campuses. These group members basically believe that making alcohol easily accessible makes it not â€Å"forbidden† or a bad thing, so college students will not be prone to binge drink. They even go so far as to use Prohibition as an example of why this logic should be considered in lowering the minimum drinking age. Another argument for wanting to lower the drinking age is that underage drinkers are more inclined to not seek medical attention when necessary after alcohol consumption. An underage student that may potentially have alcohol poisoningShow MoreRelatedWhy Lower the Legal Drinking Age?801 Words   |  3 Pageslower the drinking age below 21 lose 10% of their annual federal highway appropriations (Haevens). This is the main reason the legal drinking age has not been lower below 21 years of age.a large number of the general population desires a lower drinking age. In the 25 years since the legal drinking age was set at 21, seven states have tried to lower it. (Wechsier ).It is unfair for the federal government to withhold money from states if they exercise their rights to set the legal drinking age to whatRead MoreDrinking Age During The United States Of America1325 Words   |  6 PagesPatrick Murray Oakley, Sottile Senior Thesis 05/21/2016 Drinking age in the United States of America Remember being sixteen and the only thing we could possibly do with the rest of our lives was wait to turn eighteen? On our eighteenth birthday we found a renewed sense of the word maturity as we were now able to walk into gas stations or grocery stores to buy lottery tickets or a pack of cigarettes. At this point in our lives we were able to attain a full driver s license, noRead MoreThe Effects Of Binge Drinking On College Students Essay825 Words   |  4 PagesBinge Drinking would have various of ways to define what in reality means. As for college students would define it as a way to drink non-stop, just for fun, or excessively drinking until drunk. Binge drinking can be interpreted in a scientific form, like NIAAA defines binge drinking as a pattern of drinking that brings blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels to 0.08 g/dL. This typically occurs after 4 drinks for women and 5 drinks for men—in about 2 hours. (National Institute on Alcohol AbuseRead M oreQuicker Liquor Essay1506 Words   |  7 PagesShould We Lower the Drinking Age? | 18 vs. 21 | â€Å"Quicker Liquor† A Short Research Paper Should the legal drinking age be lowered? Those who supported the change for the 2009 re-authorization of the law (dubbed Pro 18), and those who wanted the law to remain at the current age of 21 (dubbed Pro 21), had three major categories to explore for this debate: safety, binge drinking and maturity. There is opposition and support on both sides of the issue including a coalition founded inRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Removed1735 Words   |  7 PagesThe legal drinking age should be removed because it teaches safe drinking, it removes the taboo around it, and history proves it does not work at 18. Conor Lewis 12-4-15 English 3rd Alcohol. The source of curiosity among young people everywhere. People everywhere, college students, and even some high school students enjoy it. There’s no doubt this nation enjoys alcohol but what about the people who can’t taste it yet? What about those who are considered adults in every way and permitted toRead MoreEffects Of Binge Drinking On College Students Essay968 Words   |  4 PagesHenry Wechsler in Getting Serious about Eradicating Binge Drinking, stresses how modern college students think that binge drinking is a norm in college life. I agree with Wechsler that the modern college student thinks binge drinking is normal. In High School, people would binge drink on a regular basis, and that eventually carried over into collegiate life. After being in college for about a month now, I realized that every night students binge drink either at bars, fraternity houses, or tailgatesRead MoreThe Effects of Underage Drinking Essay853 Words   |  4 Pagesadults a buse the drinking age policy. It is put in effect for substantial reasons, which contribute in making the safest environment for all. Drinking underage is not only illegal, but also damages one’s health tremendously. Furthermore, drinking in large amounts is extremely dangerous and can cause detrimental things to occur. There have been numerous attempts to create a law to lower the drinking age, but none have gone through. In contrast to what some people may say, the drinking age should not beRead MoreMaking The Law Fair While Saving Lives1740 Words   |  7 Pagesyouth under the age of 21 in the United States is in the form of binge drinking (McCardell). Lowering the drinking age is a big topic among younger adults and concerned college parents. Being 18 people serve in the military and they are known as adults. People 18-20 have to hide when they are drinking which makes them thrive to drink and party more but it s dangerous. This is called binge drinking which is landing them in the hospital. Also, there are a lot of underage drinking that is going onRead MoreAlcohol Is The Most Widely Used Social Drug Essay1281 Words   |  6 Pages‘risky’ drinking can cause serious health, personal and social problems. Heavy drinkers, binge drinkers and very young drinkers are at risk. Binge drinking is a particular problem among younger people, but anyone who drinks heavily or drinks too much in one session is at risk of both immediate and long-term alcohol related harm For children and young people under 18 years, not drinking is the safest option. Those who are under the age of 15 years of age at the greatest risk of harm from drinking alcoholRead MoreThe Drinking Age Of The United States Essay1599 Words   |  7 PagesBy the age of twenty-one, most people have at some point consumed an alcoholic beverage. For others, turning twenty-one might mean a whole new world of freedom. Young teens and adults drink for many reasons. Teens may drink because of peer pressure, others because of pure enjoyment, and many for of the thrill of breaking the law. Before the 1980’s, the legal drinking age was eighteen. This would only make sense because at this age a person is declared an adult. Many are in favor of keeping the drinking

The Mass Media Disability in the Canadian News Media

Question: Present applied sociology on the group of people referred to as "People with Disabilities", making reference to the mass media and how the media portrays this group pf people in the society. Think about your understanding of mass media, ownership and control as well as representation and stereotyping. How has this impacted on People with Disabilities in various communities, for example within an African, Asian, European or American community setting? Answer: Overview The mass media is a very significant element of everyday life and has been vital in the distribution of valuable information to the society. Nevertheless, the impact of the mass media on society is sometimes not beneficial to the society, specifically in relation to disability, where the media continues to add to the inequity and injustice done to disabled people. This present report is on the topic of how the media portrays people with disabilities in the society. The report is based on the understanding of mass media, control, and ownership as well as stereotyping and representation, as well as how it has impacted such people in different communities. It outlines the strategies required to address the scenario and bring changes and future implications and hope. Importance of the chosen topic in sociology Particular attitudes, misconceptions, and beliefs are forms of major concern in the society that that compel certain groups of people to be secluded from the major section of the society. These factors attribute for significant barriers for the people to lead a normal life and become a part of the society. One such section of the society is the disabled people. Negative attitude as reflected by reduced awareness, reduced contact and reduced meaningful communication between disabled and non-disabled people is, therefore, topic of debate at all times (Zhang and Haller 2013). According to van Deursen and Van Dijk (2014) the mass media has always been the most suitable medium for assigning the personal experience of the common people. This implies that the mass media is an efficient vehicle for bringing about the greater understanding of the views of the disabled people. Mass media holds the potential to bring changes in the perceptions of the people about the disabled people. Images and stories shared by the mass media impact on the thinking of common people and thereby establish social norms. People with disabilities have faced issues due to misrepresentation, defamation, and lack of representation in the mass media (Briant, Watson and Philo 2013). This is the reason the topic of how the media portrays disabled people finds an important place in the society. How this group has been represented in the media Some commonly recurring stereotypes have been identified in the mass media by the disabled people. These are: the disabled people as an object of violence or curiosity, as pathetic and pitiable people, as evil or sinister, as laughable, as negative atmosphere, as the super cripple, as his enemy, as a burden and as being unable to take part in the daily life. The stereotypes are mainly evident on television, advertising and press. Disabled people have been under-represented on television. Disabled people rarely appear in quiz shows and soaps. In current affairs programs, stories about these people are usually linked to medical treatment and special achievements (Ellis et al. 2014). As opined by Devotta, Wilton and Yiannakoulias (2013), in fictional programs, disabled characters are seen in thriller and crime film genres as criminals or powerless victims. In the majority of cases, disabled characters are placed not because they are ordinary people but to indicate specifically the oppos ite. The use of disablist language is common in many of the leading newspapers, and another significant aspect is that news about disabled people is usually featured for their sensation value instead of their precision. There are two main ways in which the advertising industry takes part in discrimination. Firstly, disabled people are many times excluded and purposefully ignored by mainstream advertising agencies. Secondly, some advertisers use a particularly distorted view of disabled people for raising money. Implications and effect on this group in various communities The under-presentation of disabled people within the media has understandable implications for the power of the disabled people to impact how it is portrayed in the media. This has the influence on the community at large. Under-presentation of the disabled people has huge social implications (disabilityplanet.co.uk, 2016). The absence of disabled people from mainstream programming along with the connection between disability and medicine underpins the misconception that disabled people are ill and unable to take part in everyday life. These people, therefore, suffer from low self-esteem and confidence. The motivation to become an active part of the society is lost, and the battle with the society continues for ever. In all communities, the unlimited losers are these people who need much console and pacification. It adds to the plight of the people who need to battle against the discrimination to get into the mainstream society. Participation in daily activities of life along with the ordinary people is difficult in terms of getting equal rights and justice. In a society where people from different backgrounds live together, the scenario is the same (disability-studies.leeds.ac.uk, 2016). Strategies to address and change the situation According to Happer and Philo (2013) the main issue with mass media and disabled people is that disabled people have no say in how the television, advertising and the press represent them. There is a requirement to set up different policy initiatives emerging from the disability rights movements for rectifying this situation. This includes more involvement of the media personnel, especially those who are in the higher authority positions. Recruitment of disabled people with greater efforts to work in the media would be a desirable approach. One method of making corporate awareness of disability related issues somewhat less problematic is by integrating such people at different levels of the media organizations. Research needs to be conducted for producing a set of guidelines for enabling advertisers and media personnel avoid discrimination in the future. McCombs (2013) states that a comprehensive anti-discrimination legislation has to be put in place for providing a framework for eff ective policies that can ensure disabled people integrate completely in the mainstream social and economic life of the society. The framework also would send a clear signal throughout the society that discrimination against such people is not acceptable in todays time. This framework of legislation would make sure that the different initiatives are effectively practiced. Future implications and hope Several programs have to be put in place for changing the focus from misinformed, cloying and sensational disability coverage undermining legal advances and public policy towards coverage that leads to the end of disability discrimination by raising public awareness. Such programs would establish a mechanism for monitoring and informing coverage of disability in dramatic representations, news report, and internet report. The goal would be to advance accurate identification of disability issues. Such measures would help in promoting positive images of people having disabilities among the society. The development will be a step in the right direction with the aim of achieving many heights. The discrimination encountered by the disabled people is an individual prejudice, and therefore, attitudes and policies are to be made for providing equal opportunities to such people. Though the media is beginning to change, it is obvious that much more work is required by the disabled community and the media industry, where both learn from each other (Wolbring et al. 2013). Conclusion In the background of the rising awareness of the impact of mass media on lives of people with disability, it is desirable that changes are brought in the minds of people and their attitude towards these people. Stereotypes about disabled people are ingrained in the society and reflected in coverage of the mass media. More attention has to be given to ensure that the mass media is used as a positive force in eliminating stigma and discrimination against the disabled people. The legacy of demeaning, institutionalizing and isolating disabled people needs to be stopped and raising public awareness would be a good approach in this regard. References Briant, E., Watson, N. and Philo, G., 2013. Reporting disability in the age of austerity: the changing face of media representation of disability and disabled people in the United Kingdom and the creation of new folk devils.Disability Society,28(6), pp.874-889. Devotta, K., Wilton, R. and Yiannakoulias, N., 2013. Representations of disability in the Canadian news media: a decade of change?.Disability and rehabilitation,35(22), pp.1859-1868. Disabilityplanet.co.uk. (2016).Media Representation of Disabled People: A Critical Analysis. [online] Available at: https://www.disabilityplanet.co.uk/critical-analysis.html [Accessed 7 Apr. 2016]. disability-studies.leeds.ac.uk. (2016). [online] Available at: https://disability-studies.leeds.ac.uk/files/library/Barnes-Media.pdf [Accessed 7 Apr. 2016]. Ellis, K., Goggin, G., Huntsinger, J. and Senft, T., 2014. Disability and social media.The Social Media Handbook, pp.126-143. Happer, C. and Philo, G., 2013. The role of the media in the construction of public belief and social change.Journal of Social and Political Psychology,1(1), pp.321-336. McCombs, M., 2013.Setting the agenda: The mass media and public opinion. John Wiley Sons. van Deursen, A.J. and Van Dijk, J.A., 2014. The digital divide shifts to differences in usage.New media society,16(3), pp.507-526. Wolbring, G., Mackay, R., Rybchinski, T. and Noga, J., 2013. Disabled people and the Post-2015 development goal agenda through a disability studies lens.Sustainability,5(10), pp.4152-4182. Zhang, L. and Haller, B., 2013. Consuming image: How mass media impact the identity of people with disabilities.Communication Quarterly,61(3), pp.319-334.

Airika Essay Example For Students

Airika Essay By: emailprotected As a social and economic institution, slavery originated in the times when humans began farming instead of hunting and gathering. Slave labor became commonplace in ancient Greece and Rome. Slaves were created through the capture of enemies, the birth of children to slave parents, and means of punishment. Enslaved Africans represented many different peoples, each with distinct cultures, religions, and languages. Most originated from the coast or the interior of West Africa, between present-day Senegal and Angola. Other enslaved peoples originally came from Madagascar and Tanzania in East Africa. Slavery became of major economic importance after the sixteenth century with the European conquest of South and Central America. These slaves had a great impact on the sugar and tobacco industries. A triangular trade route was established with Europe for alcohol and firearms in exchange for slaves. The slaves were then traded with Americans for molasses and (later) cotton. In 1619 the first black slave arrived in Virginia. The demands of European consumers for New World crops and goods helped fuel the slave trade. A strong family and community life helped sustain African Americans in slavery. People often chose their own partners, lived under the same roof, raised children together, and protected each other. Brutal treatment at the hands of slaveholders, however, threatened black family life. Enslaved women experienced sexual exploitation at the hands of slaveholders and overseers. Bondspeople lived with the constant fear of being sold away from their loved ones, with no chance of reunion. Historians estimate that most bondspeople were sold at least once in their lives. No event was more traumatic in the lives of enslaved individuals than that of forcible separation from their families. People sometimes fled when they heard of an impending sale. During the 17th and 18th century enslaved African Americans in the Upper South mostly raised tobacco. In coastal South Carolina and Georgia, they harvested indigo for dye and grew rice, using agricultural expertise brought with them from Africa. By the 1800s rice, sugar, and cotton became the Souths leading cash crops. The patenting of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 made it possible for workers to gin separate the seeds from the fiber some 600 to 700 pounds daily, or ten times more cotton than permitted by hand. The Industrial Revolution, centered in Great Britain, quadrupled the demand for cotton, which soon became Americas leading export. Planters acute need for more cotton workers helped expand southern slavery. By the Civil War, the South exported more than a million tons of cotton annually to Great Britain and the North. An area still called the Black Belt, which stretched across Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, grew some 80 percent of the nations crop. In parts of the Black Belt, enslaved African Americans made up more than three-fourths of the total population. Even though slavery existed throughout the original thirteen colonies, nearly all the northern states, inspired by American independence, abolished slavery by 1804. As a matter of conscience some southern slaveholders also freed their slaves or permitted them to purchase their freedom. Until the early 1800s, many southern states allowed these emancipations to legally take place. Although the Federal Government outlawed the overseas slave trade in 1808, the southern enslaved African American population continued to grow. By 1860 some 4 million enslaved African Americans lived throughout the South. Only Southern states believed slavery to be a major, and essential, economic factor. Whether on a small farm or a large plantation, most enslaved people were agricultural laborers. They worked literally from sunrise to sunset in the fields or at other jobs. Some bondspeople held specialized jobs as artisans, skilled laborers, or factory workers. A smaller number worked as cooks, butlers, or maids. .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e , .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e .postImageUrl , .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e , .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e:hover , .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e:visited , .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e:active { border:0!important; } .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e:active , .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u30ed24279884e892b674f81f209a9b2e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Implications Of Remix Culture On Post Modernism Art Essay Slavery became an issue in the economic struggles between Southern plantation owners and Northern industrialists in the first half of the 19th century, a struggle that culminated in the American Civil War. Despite the common perception to the contrary, the war was not fought primarily on the slavery issue. Abraham Lincoln, however, saw the political advantages of promising freedom for Southern slaves, and the Emancipation Proclamation was enacted in 1863. This was reinforced after the war by the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments to the US constitution (1865, 1868, and 1870), which abolished slavery altogether and guar anteed citizenship and civil rights to former slaves. Following the Civil War, Southern states passed laws called Black Codes. A Black Code was a law which limited or restricted a certain activity or way of life for the African Americans. Mississippi banned interracial marriages with the threat of certain death if the law was broken. Other codes restricted where the Blacks could own land. All were attempts to keep the government from giving the forty acres of land to former slaves. Since a majority of the Southern population was made of Blacks, whites feared they would eventually take over. This led to the brutal killings of many Blacks by the KKK and other white supremacist groups. Blacks who tried to exercise power were either killed or had some other form of physical action taken against them. Although in 1880 voting booths were open to all, only some Whites let Blacks vote, usually when this happened, they were watched under the careful eye of a KKK leader. Sadly enough a Black trying to pursue his right to vote was often met with death or loss of income. According to the Ku Klux Klan, they stand for five simple views. The first being The White Race being the Aryan race and its Christian faith. The second, America First states that America comes first before any foreign or alien influence or interest. The Constitution as they believe should be followed exactly as written and intended, and is considered by their group the finest system of government ever conceived by man. The fourth, Free Enterprise was the end to high-finance exploitation. And finally, Positive Christianity was the right of Americans to practice their Christian faith, including but not limited to prayer in school. Preconceived notions are quite arguably the most widely acknowledged form of racism today. Use of derogatory terms, such as the quite offensive n-word and slang such as spook, porch monkey, etc. are all terms people of all races use to refer to Blacks. Even situations can become unnecessarily frightening because of preconceived notions we have been led to believe about Blacks. For example, if a white woman has gotten lost while driving and stumbles into a predominantly black neighborhood, she would be more likely to panic and become frightened then if she were lost in a neighborhood considered to be predominantly white. Fears and ideals such as these have been instilled in our society for years, which leads to the occurrence of racial hate. It is obvious that racism still exists in many forms throughout our nation and throughout the world. Example of this racism is present in almost every aspect of society to this day. Although slavery was outlawed in our country following the Civil War, African-Americans have never been able to enjoy the freedom that Caucasians have, and probably never will. Years and years of oppression have led to an attitude of inferiority by the African Americans that will, quite possibly, never fade. What a humility to society in general that this institution existed. Word Count: 1220

Night Hoops free essay sample

Fellow Word Shakers, When I started reading the book, Night Hoops by Carl Deuker, I was very bored. I felt like I wasn’t relating to the characters and the plot was moving too slowly. I questioned whether I should start a new book; however, I persevered just like Nick, and I am very grateful that I stuck with it. After reading Night Hoops, I have developed a new mindset on how I should pursue my goals no matter what impediments obstruct my ability to reach them.Nick, the protagonist, always dreamt of earning his spot on his high school’s varsity basketball team, but his road to the team was filled with family troubles; being overshadowed by his older brother, Scott; and run-ins with Trent, the local bully. However, Nick persevered through it all and accomplished his goal of making the varsity basketball team. Over the past few years, I have been extremely dedicated to becoming the best golfer I can be. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Hoops or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However recently, I have lost my enthusiasm for the game. Because of this, I feel like I can relate to Nick and although he is a fictional character, use him as inspiration to rededicate myself to the game of golf. Aside from my fascination with Nick’s perseverance and dedication, I was intrigued by the friendship that developed between Nick and Trent, the local bully. At first, Trent and Nick didn’t get along. In fact, Trent beat Nick up. However, as Deuker took us through their relationship we saw how they soon became good friends who were connected through the game of basketball.From this, I realized that some of the people best fit for you could be right under your nose, but they put up a facade to support their tough guy image so you don’t get a chance to get to know who they truly are. Another aspect of the book that really captured my attention was how Nick’s father applied pressure on him to succeed in basketball. At first, this pressure really inhibited Nick’s ability to play good basketball. However, as he became used to the pressure and used it as motivation, Nick became the player both he and his dad always wanted him to be.This brings up the dilemma that a lot of parents struggle with today. Should they push their kids to succeed or should they let their kids succeed on their own? There is no right or wrong answer to this question, but I think it is fascinating that Deuker poses this question in a book written for teens. More than just my experience with the different characters, I loved Deuker’s very tangible description of the basketball games: â€Å"He caught it in stride, soared upward in the same fluid motion, and gently laid the ball against the backboard. It dropped through the net just as the horn sounded.A tenth of a second later we were jumping all over him† (167). I felt like I was at the game, sitting on the edge of my seat praying that the ball falls through the net, and jumping into the air screaming in joy when it does. Although I loved his poetic descriptions of the basketball games, I felt like too often he used very basic, simple language. Every book has its flaws, but if you are into basketball, like a story about perseverance, or want to be taken through a great friendship then this book is definitely for you. I hope that you enjoy this book as much as I did. Yours Truly,

Lost Tools of Writing Essay - Using Essay Writing Samples

Lost Tools of Writing Essay - Using Essay Writing SamplesThe lost tools of writing an essay that many students have at this point in their careers are the essay writing samples. For many students, it is not a good idea to choose essay writing samples because they tend to believe that they must follow all of the rules that were set for them and that their essays will read better than what they produce.However, a student can think of ways to make their own essays by following some of the tips found in this article. The use of samples can be extremely helpful when it comes to writing an essay, but students must understand that this information is not anything new, but is merely used as a way to prove a point.One of the lost tools of writing sample is to work with words that appear the same. Although writing samples are often used to help students practice certain approaches, there are several common things that happen when students use these tools. The most common is that they will try to use a common word or phrase and quickly write it and skip over the rest of the word, leaving the remainder out.This is a common mistake and can be easily avoided by simply reading from the sample. They should start at the beginning and work their way to the end. This will allow students to recognize the common mistakes that they are making and use their time wisely by doing a thorough analysis of the sample.Another of the lost tools of writing samples is that they tend to tell students not to utilize certain words that are commonly used. In order to make the most of this process, students should look to see if the sample has any of the words that they have been told not to use. In many cases, it is not necessary to keep any words off of the paper.Students should instead use this as a way to find out if they can use the words that they have been told not to use. If the sample does not include these words, then the writing samples do not work for a particular topic. The only way to figure out if they are working is to read between the lines.It is important to remember that the loss of these tools of writing essay has more to do with the students, then it does the tools. In most cases, students do not make any major mistakes while using the samples because they do not realize that they are reading the same words as the sample. A student should learn to avoid these tools and take the time to learn how to come up with their own essays.

What are the regulatory, developmental and manufacturing barriers associated with the future availability of biogeneric products in oncology The WritePass Journal

What are the regulatory, developmental and manufacturing barriers associated with the future availability of biogeneric products in oncology Introduction What are the regulatory, developmental and manufacturing barriers associated with the future availability of biogeneric products in oncology IntroductionReferencesRelated Introduction Biopharmaceutical products began to expire since 2004. This has resulted in the development of biogenerics as second generation products. The term biogenerics is used to define a product that is equivalent to a currently marketed biopharmaceutical product that is a recombinant DNA-derived product (Enrico and Little, 2001 and Chamberlain, 2004). Biogenerics are follow-on products of a brand (reference) drug. They may have different physicochemical and/or biological properties to the reference drug, however, they are expected to have similar clinical effects and safety profile when compared to the reference drug. This may be because they may contain the same active ingredient used in the original brand product (Chamberlain, 2004 and Kirmani and Bonacossa, 2003). However, they may have different excipients of non-active ingredients to the original brand drug (Kermani and Bonacossa, 2003). Biogenerics are found to be beneficial in aiding large companies in saving the large amount of money being spent on health care when prescribing a brand product. For example, in 2005, around 5.3 billion dollars has been spent on health care in which almost of 2 billion dollars of this was spent on prescription drugs (Fredrick, 2007). The similar quality, safety, efficacy and the reduced cost of biogenerics compared to the reference brand product have arisen the interest of developing biogeneric products in oncology. However, there are a number of regulatory, developmental, and manufacturing barriers associated with the generation of biogenerics. Such issues are the lack of specific regulatory guidelines for biogenerics. Having regulatory standards may avoid the large sum of money from being spent to develop a biogeneric file (Enrico and Little, 2001). However, having eligible abbreviated procedures for biogenerics is not solving the issue as the Committee on Similar Biological Medici nal Products (CHMP), 2005, has recommended the need of carrying out comparability studies in order to generate evidence of the similarity in quality, safety and efficacy of biogeneric products to the original branded products (Rathore, 2009). Unfortunately, studies have failed in proving biogenerics essential similarity to the original brand products already being marketed (Kermani and Bonacossa, 2003). Furthermore, biogenerics are protein products in which their complexity is the central to challenges associated with safety and efficacy (Enrico and Little, 2001). Biogenerics are heterogeneous products and may exhibit sensitivity towards a specific manufacturing process and may degrade during freezing, melting, formulation, sterile filtration, filling, freeze-drying, and assessment. Moreover, the presence of impurities during manufacturing processes may reduce the efficacy and increase immunogenicity of the product. Immunogenicity may also be affected when handling the product. This may occurs during purification, exposure to light, distribution, or adding excipients, or may be due to the route and frequency of administration (Rathore, 2009). Since such changes may result in alteration in the product quality, safety, and efficacy profile, the need of carrying out extensive clinical trials are important in order to achieve regulatory approval (Enrico and Little, 2001). Also, other factors such as the therapeutic target, and patient’s immune status and clinical condition may be used in determining the immunogenicity of the product (Rathore, 2009). The quality of a biogeneric product is not only affected by the variability between the different steps of manufacturing, but may also be affected by the inconsistency of the starting materials (Kirdar et al, 2008). For example, minor changes in manufacturing biogenerics, such as the use of different DNA vectors, cell culture and purification processes compared to what is being used in the original brand product may result in undesirable effects in the quality of the product (Sharma, 2007). Also, leachable of vulcanising agents from syringes may affect safety and efficacy of the product. The use of phthalate plastic and latex rubber surfaces may result in leaches which may contaminate the product resulting in allergic reactions and enhanced immunogenicity. Therefore, it may be safer if glass surfaces, air-liquid interfaces, and lubricants are used instead (Sharma, 2007). The high complexity of the products, processes and untreated materials are the key challenges in manufacturing. However, having a designed experiment process to carry out experiments and perform data may result in better quality products (Rathore, 2009). Moreover, the interest of customers including patients and healthcare professionals to biogeneric products may also act as a potential barrier. The majority of biopharmaceuticals available in the marker are indicated for chronic diseases, for example cancer, in which switching the patient into a biogeneric product may be unacceptable by healthcare professionals. This may be due to the insufficient evidence of biogenerics quality and the lack of policies relating to such products (Enrico and Little, 2001). The majority of generic medicines depend on the clinical trial data obtained from the original brand drug studies. Only simple tests are required though for these generic medicines to prove bioequivalence of the product quality, safety, and efficacy to the reference drug. However, biogenerics failed in proving bioequivalence to the original brand drug using simple tests, hence, more studies may be required for biogenerics approval (Miller, 2009). Miller, 2009, has stated that the nature and the percentage contamination of biogeneric product is mainly relates to the host systems used to generate the drug and the purification methods used. A 100% purity is unachievable, however, avoiding any source of purity limitation may result in a high quality product. But this does not solve the problem, as protein folding and enzymatic modifications may lead to unacceptable results. Also, biogeneric mechanism, toxicity and contamination human cells are unknown. Therefore, the need to carry out standard sophisticated screening tests or the use of animal studies to ensure drug purity and quality may be necessary (Miller, 2009). Moreover, the FDA stated for a biogeneric to be approved, once bioequivalence tests are successful, safety and efficacy tests are required. This may involve sophisticated analytical chemistry, preclinical (animal) studies, as well as clinical studies (Miller, 2009). However, it is unacceptable to expose patient to unnecessary clinical trials in order to get the approval, and that bioequivalence tests must be decided on a case-by-case basis (Fredrick, 2007). The Coordinated Framework for Regulation of Biochemistry, FDA, 1986, stated that new marketing applications are required for biogeneric products. This may be due to that biogenerics are characterised by having different structures, heterogeneity, and the possibility of contamination avai lability, which may affect the safety and efficacy profile of the drug. Biogeneric products may be better if developed in big pharmacy companies rather than a start-up company. This is may be because big companies may already have the experience and resources to carry out the necessary testing. Hence, less money will be spent to develop biogenerics in big pharmacy companies compared to a start-up company (Miller, 2009). Since cancer treatments are very expensive, focus has been shifted on producing biogenerics that would control the large sums of money being spent in biologic cancer treatments. However, it is important to ensure that patients get high quality of care and evidence-based medications. Therefore, principles of approval of biogeneric use in oncology have been published. The principles state the need of clinical trials being carried out to order to test similar efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of biogeneric to the reference biologic drug. This would clear the essential processes to patients and healthcare professionals. Guidance documents may be necessary in order to ensure standards consistency. However, FDA would never accept a system that would limit clinicians’ choices amongst biogeneric products. Biogenerics must be of high quality and fully tested for efficacy. Interchangeability of biogenerics that allows substitutions without affecting the product safety and efficacy mus t be determined through clinical trials (American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2007). The key issue of scientific and regulatory approval of biogeneric products is the lack of understanding of how different quality aspects of a product may result in changing the product safety and efficacy. Also, the lack of being successful in collecting data, analyze and report, and the insufficient non-clinical tools which may help in predicting clinical safety and efficacy of the product. Moreover, the complexity of biogeneric products and the biotechnology processes are extra challenges added to the development of biogenerics (Rathore, 2009). Finally, biogeneric guidelines are still unclear. However, the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) has decided the future of biogenerics will still require a comparability studies between the biogeneric and the reference brand drug. It may be possible that clinical studies will be carried out instead of bioequivalence studies for the purpose of proving the safety and efficacy of the biogeneric drug, and in particular immunogenicity of the product. Moreover, less non-clinical studies might be carried out and post-market pharmacovigilance plans may possibly be needed as a measurement of authorization promises (Zuniga and Calvo, 2009). In conclusion, the decision on approving biogenerics will remain to be dealt on a case-by-case basis, and will rely on a number of different factors including manufacturing processes, structural similarity to the original product, mechanism of action, pharmacodynamic assays, pharmacokinetics and immunogenicity, and quantity and quality of clinical data. Even though, the major improvements in our knowledge on biogenerics production processes and analytical technology have been achieved, key barriers remain to hinder the development of biogenerics. However, the overall of science and biotechnology fields is rapidly developing (Enrico and Little, 2001). References American Society of Clinical Oncology. (2007). Principles for Legislation to Establish Approval Process for Generic Versions of Biologic Agents. Available: asco.org/ASCO/Downloads/Cancer%20Policy%20and%20Clinical%20Affairs/Biogenerics/Biogenerics%20Principles%20FINAL%205%205%2008.pdf. Last accessed 29th March 2011. Chamberlain, P. (2004). Biogenerics: Europe takes another step forward while the FDA dives for cover. ELSEVIER. 9 (19), p817-820. CHMP. (2005). Guideline on similar biological medicinal products. Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. 437 (4), p555-561. Enrico, T. P. and Little, A. D.. (2001). The future of biogenerics. Available: contractpharma.com/articles/2001/10/the-future-of-biogenerics. Last accessed 29th March 2011. FDA. (1986). Coordination Framework for Regulation of Biotechnology. Available: http://usbiotechreg.nbii.gov/Coordinated_Framework_1986_Federal_Register.html. Last accessed 27th March 2011. Fredrick, J. (2007). Leaders speak out on benefits of biogenerics. Available: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3374/is_6_29/ai_n27227920/?tag=content;col1. Last accessed 27th March 2011. Kermani, F. and Bonacossa, P. (2003). What next for biogenerics. Pharmagenerics. 1 (1), p1-4. Kirdar, A. O. et al. (2008). Application of multivariant data analysis for identification and successful resoution of a route cause for a bioprocessing application. Biotechnology. 24 (4), p720-726. Miller, H. I. (2009). Biogenerics: the hope and hype. ELSEVIER. 27 (8), p443-445. Rathore, A. S. (2009). Follow-on protein products: scientific issues, developments and challenges. ELSEVIER. 27 (12), p698-705. Sharma, B. (2007). Immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins. Biotechnology. 25 (15), p318-324. Zuniga, L. and Calvo B. (2009). Regulatory aspects of biosimilars in Europe. ELSEVIER. 27 (7), p385-387.